ABSTRACT
Background: Malaria is a protozoal disease caused by infection with parasite of genus Plasmodium. Typhoid is common with malarial infection.Methods: A cross sectional study was done to find out co-infection of typhoid and malaria. Study was done in central pathological lab of department of pathology, RMCH, Bareilly. Blood samples were collected in EDTA vial and plain vial. Blood smear was examined for malaria parasite within RBCs. Malaria rapid test was done for detection of Plasmodium species and Widal test was done for typhoid.Results: In this study found co-infection of malaria with typhoid was 15.64%. In malarial cases 54.50% were males, while maximum cases (26.92%) were in 21-30 yrs age group. Cases of P. vivax was maximum (86.28%) and maximum cases of P. vivax (29.42 %) was in 11-20 yrs age group while that of P. falciparum (22.22%) was in 11-20, 21-30, 41-50 yrs age group and maximum number (23.60%) of mixed malarial infection was in 31-40 yrs age group, While co-infection of malaria with typhoid was maximum (24.59%) was in 11-20 yrs age group and maximum (53.28%) in females. Maximum (79.51%) cases of typhoid were of P. vivax.Conclusions: Malaria and typhoid co-infection still remain a major public health problem in many developing countries. Concurrent infection with two agents can result in an illness having overlapping symptoms creating a diagnostic dilemma for the treating physician.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Around 50% of all medicines are prescribed, dispensed or sold inappropriately while 50% of patients fail to take their medicines appropriately. The optimum efficacy of a drug requires the firm compliance from the patient and honest co-operation from both the patient and their families. With this background this study was conducted to find out the pattern of drug utilization in a rural community of Maharastra, to detect the magnitude of drug failure and to find out its associates. Methods: A Community based longitudinal study was conducted in a village (Jaulgaon), in Maharastra (Central India), belonging to the field practice area of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences Sewagram among 256 persons of all age groups. Monthly house to house visits were conducted in the selected households using a predesigned pretested schedule following WHO guidelines for 12 months. Variables studied are disease type, disease episode, doctor consulted (Allopathic system), drugs used, mode of preservation of prescription and drugs, compliance to doctor’s advice, adverse drug reactions and outcome. Results: 203(79.3%) persons suffered from some illness. Total illness episodes were 446 (1.74 per person per year). A doctor was consulted for 330 episodes (74%). Anti-microbials top the list of prescribed drugs. About 15% of the episodes had adverse reactions. Non-compliance to drug use was 18.5%. Adverse outcome (Drug failure & Death) was seen in 28.5%. Drug failure was very significantly associated with Non-compliance and adverse reaction. Interpretation & conclusion. There were drug failures among 27.87% of the study population amounting to 35.39% of the total expenditure for health-care. Present study highlights the importance of community awareness for compliance to drug use.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives- Gallbladder diseases are very common in Indian population. Ultrasonography (USG) is the commonest mode of investigation in such conditions .In view of above mentioned points we have conducted the present study on ultrasonographic findings of gallstone (GS) patients . Present study aims at determining the comparative prevalence of single and multiple gallstones and size of gallbladder(GB) and common bile duct (CBD) in patients . In present study we have also tried to find relationship of development of gallstones with age and sex of the patient . Methods- For the purpose of study we have divided patients into seven groups(groups A-G) according to age . In each group we have calculated mean gallbladder size and mean common bile duct diameter with the help of ultrasonographs . Then we will calculate percentage of patients ,patients with multiple stones, patients with single stones , mean gallbladder size and mean gallbladder diameter in each age group. Results- Gallstones patients are more of 25-50 years of age and females are more susceptible according to present study . There were more cases of multiple stones . Mean gallbladder length in all age groups is found to be less than normal. Interpretation & conclusion- Present study suggests increased incidence of gallstones in young population and it underlines the importance of ultrasound in screening gallbladder diseases.
ABSTRACT
In this study we have measured size and area of posterior fontanelle and have studied its relations with gestational age in human fetuses. This study is aimed to provide a range of normal posterior fontanelle dimensions and to provide base for further research in Asian population on morphology of posterior fontanelle and see if there exists any significant difference when compared to European & African studies. For this fifty fetuses were arranged in 5 groups according to their gestational age. Mean posterior fontanelle size and area of each group is measured. After statistical calculations it was observed that posterior fontanelle size and area both vary significantly with gestational age.